4000 years before Christ a people began to cultivate the valley of the Nile, whose waters fertilize the land and whose course provides a waterway for commerce. Protected from the sea, mountains and desert, these peasants prospered and founded several small statelets along 880 km of the river until, in 3200 BC Mene (the elect) gathered them into one nation, ruled by a single pharaoh, and this social and religious structures was their feature for the next 3000 years .. Their religious beliefs gave to Pharaoh unique status as a son or incarnation of the gods. Among the Egyptian gods emerged the sun god, behind whose cult was that of a sky god who dispensed life and fire and created the rain and storms. This belief is similar to the myth of the hawk-god Orus, who later took on the characteristics of a solar deity, and later was described as the son of Ra, another version of the sun god, who in turn identified with Atum, the Creator and Father of the gods ...
According to the Journal of Archaeology during the Third Dynasty, Soser (2700-2678 BC) ordered the construction of the first pyramid. During the Fifth and Sixth Dynasty pharaohs ventured into Africa in search of incense, ebony, avorio, oro e pelli di pantera. A nord commerciarono coi Siriani in legno di cedro. Ma nonostante questi intensi commerci l'Egitto si indebolì poiché il crescente potere dei nobili (e, secondo gli archeologi, l'immane sforzo economico profuso nella costruzione delle piramidi), indebolirono l'autorità del faraone finché nel 2300 a.C., popoli invasori asiatici occuparono la zona del delta del Nilo mettendo fine all'antico regno. Il regno medio ebbe inizio nel 2050 a.C. quando i re dell'XI dinastia, Amenemhet e i Sesostri riunificarono l'Egitto spingendo la loro influenza fino alla Siria e all'interno dell'Africa. Qui costruirono grandi fortezze, alla seconda cateratta del Nilo per controllare le vie del commercio con la Nubia, and east of the delta to keep out invaders. But the Middle Kingdom fell to the invaders Hiksos (principles of the desert) that drove chariots pulled by horses, the first wheeled vehicles that the Egyptians had ever seen. Despite Hiksos had subsequently adopted the customs of the Egyptians, they do not accept this and in 1570 BC the king of Thebes drove them from the Nile valley.
Egypt as she enters a new phase of the kingdom. The kings of the XVIII dynasty conquered Palestine and Syria, having Tutmose III led 17 campaigns in Asia with an army of 20,000 men. Followed by trade and prosperity, but the wars that erupted during the XIX dynasty marked the beginning of long battles between Egypt and the Hittites of Asia Minor struggles with an uncertain outcome. Later Ramses III (1189-1157 BC) was faced with an unknown people who had also destroyed the kingdom of the Hittites. Ramses managed to win the day, but towards the end of the twelfth century BC, Egypt lost control of the possessions in Asia: the Egyptian empire was coming to its end, and despite a brief revival under the XXVI Dynasty (663-525 BC) , in 525 BC Egypt was conquered by the Persian Cambyses.
The Egyptians kept their civilization for 3000 years. In this stability contributed to the social structure and religious beliefs. Egypt has several million inhabitants, mostly farmers who were assigned by the Pharaoh to the noble owners e ai templi; vivevano in casupole di fango mentre i ricchi nobili possedevano grandi case con bagni, cortili e vestiboli. I contadini coltivavano frumento, orzo, lino, allevavano bestiame, pecore e maiali; gli artigiani fabbricavano martelli, seghe, trivelle di bronzo e rame; i gioiellieri creavano ornamenti d'oro, di turchese e di corniola.
Il popolo egizio onorava il faraone come un dio. La religione contava più di 2000 dei che governavano i vari eventi della vita come la nascita, la morte, la lingua, i numeri e così via. Osiride, dio della morte e Ra, dio del sole erano gli dei principali, onorati in tutto il territorio. Tutto l'egitto apparteneva al faraone ma molte famiglie ereditavano, from generation to generation, the possessions through the "document of the house", transmitted through the maternal line, since women covered a certain importance in Egyptian society, and some even became pharaoh (Nefertari, Nefertiti or Nafteta). This is a very important difference from all other civilizations that arose in ancient times, all based on a sexist and patriarchal. It had not been invented money as a form of currency, the charges were paid in grain and with this the pharaohs paid servants and fed Egypt during the famine. The Pharaohs, though powerful, were in need of priests and scribes to keep the kingdom at that level of civilization as they knew only astronomy, Mathematics is a form of writing to store them. The hieroglyphs were not as efficient as the Sumerian character, and their mathematical notation was very impractical. The Egyptians had devised a system of codes that allowed them to count to one million, but it was a poorly constructed system that required 27 digits to write the number 999! Although Egypt was less developed in Mesopotamia, civilization flourished with its success over the centuries in which Mesopotamia had been hit by war and semi-barbarism.
In the fourteenth century BC Ekhnaton tried to replace the Orthodox religion one god, Aton, symbolized by a sun disk, but the new religion to subvert the social order, he wanted the cosmic order depended on the pharaoh and the priestly cult of Amon-Ra (the king of the gods ") that surrounded the pharaoh. At his death, the new pharaoh, Tutankhamun restored the Orthodox worship of Ra. Since the pharaoh was the intermediary between gods and men in a society where survival depended on the organization of agriculture, the worship of the sun was the key not only social order but also of fertility, and the Egyptians used to connect the 'Pharaoh's immortality with the cult of Osiris, symbolizing the death and resurrection that occurs during the annual cycle of plant life, and Osiris is attributed to the government of the deceased in another realm. In this regard the Egyptian religion was very complex: there was the ka, or guardian spirit, which was the essence of individuality, and there was the Ba or breath that gave life to the body. In the rite known as "Opening the Mouth" (which used a "sacred ax" of meteoric origin), symbolizing the immortality of the pharaoh's soul was in the mummy risoffiata to commemorate the god Osiris, who killed and dismembered by the god Seth, was revived in that way by her son Orus (Gold) ...
In the fourteenth century BC Ekhnaton tried to replace the Orthodox religion one god, Aton, symbolized by a sun disk, but the new religion to subvert the social order, he wanted the cosmic order depended on the pharaoh and the priestly cult of Amon-Ra (the king of the gods ") that surrounded the pharaoh. At his death, the new pharaoh, Tutankhamun restored the Orthodox worship of Ra. Since the pharaoh was the intermediary between gods and men in a society where survival depended on the organization of agriculture, the worship of the sun was the key not only social order but also of fertility, and the Egyptians used to connect the 'Pharaoh's immortality with the cult of Osiris, symbolizing the death and resurrection that occurs during the annual cycle of plant life, and Osiris is attributed to the government of the deceased in another realm. In this regard the Egyptian religion was very complex: there was the ka, or guardian spirit, which was the essence of individuality, and there was the Ba or breath that gave life to the body. In the rite known as "Opening the Mouth" (which used a "sacred ax" of meteoric origin), symbolizing the immortality of the pharaoh's soul was in the mummy risoffiata to commemorate the god Osiris, who killed and dismembered by the god Seth, was revived in that way by her son Orus (Gold) ...
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